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- Alternative meanings: See Skald (other meanings)
The skald was a member of a group of courtly poets, whose poetry is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic leaders during the Viking age, who composed and performed renditions of aspects of what we now characterise as Old Norse poetry. They often acted, at the same time, as bard, councillor, and warrior. Until the twelfth century, when the onset of Christianity, monks and the art of writing gradually foreclosed on the fundamentally oral form of Skaldic art, these poets travelled from country to country, welcomed as the honored guests of kings, (normally) receiving in return for their songs gifts such as rings and jewels of great value, although occasionally payment was in cash.
In the 13th century Snorri Sturluson compiled the Prose Edda to preserve an appreciative understanding of their art, which was then at the point of dying out. Sturlusson's Heimskringla also preserves many poems.
The technical demands of the skaldic form were equal to the complicated verse forms mastered by the Welsh bards and Irish ollaves, and like those poets, much of the skaldic verse consisted of panegyrics to kings and aristocrats, or memorials and testimonials to their battles. The kings and nobles, for their part, were not only intelligent and appreciative audiences for gifted skalds; some of them were poets in their own right.
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Skaldic Poetry
Most Nordic verse of the Viking time came in one of two forms: eddic or skaldic. Eddic verse was usually simple, in terms of content, style and metre, dealing largely with mythological or heroic content. Skaldic verse, conversely, was complex, and usually composed as a tribute or homage to a particular Jarl or king.
Attribution
Unlike many other literary forms of the time, much skaldic poetry is attributable to an author, and these attributions may be relied on with a reasonable degree of confidence. Many skalds were men of influence and power, and were thus biographically noted.
Forms of Skaldic Poetry
One prominent sort of incidental verse found in the sagas is the drápa, literally a "slaughter," an elegy for the fallen or a commemoration of battle, usually containing a refrain. Lighter skaldic verse was called flokkr. Other incidental skaldic verse found in the sagas and histories includes the lausavísur, which is a single stanza of dróttkvætt said to have been improvised impromptu for the occasion it marks. Skalds also composed satire (níðvísur) and very occasionally, erotic verse (mansøngr).
Metre
The skalds wrote their verses in variants and dialects of Old Norse languages. Technically, their verse was usually a form of alliterative verse, and almost always using the dróttkvætt stanza (also known as the Court or Lordly Metre). Dróttkvætt is effectively an eight line form, with a split in the middle of each line.
Kennings
The verses of the skalds contain a great profusion of kennings, the fixed metaphors found in most northern European poetry of the time. Kennings are devices ready to supply a standard image to form an alliterating half-line to fit the requirements of dróttkvætt; but the substantially greater technical demands of skaldic verse required that these devices be multiplied and compounded in order to meet its demands for skill and wordplay. These images can therefore become somewhat hermetic, at least to those who fail to grasp the allusions that lie at the root of many of them.
Notable Skalds
Some notable skalds include:
- Bragi Boddason "the Old", author of Ragnarsdrápa (possibly the basis for the mythical god Bragi, the god of poetry)
- Þorbjörn Hornklofi
- Þjóðólfr of Hvinir
- Eyvindr Finnsson, known also as Eyvindr Skaldaspillir, or Eyvindr the Plagiarist, the author of Hákonarmál
- Eilífr Goðrúnarson author of Þórsdrápa and Hákonar drápa jarls
- Egill Skallagrímsson author of Sonatorrek
- Einarr Helgason "Skálaglamm", "of the gleaming coins"
- Gunnlaugr Illugason nicknamed "Ormstunga", "Worm-tongue", on account of his propensity for satire and invective
- Úlfr Uggason author of the Húsdrápa
- Kormákr Ögmundarson the main character of Kormáks saga
- Hallfreðr Óttarsson author of the Olafsdrapa, a lament for King Olaf Trygvason
- Arnórr Þórðarson, "Jarlaskald", the Earl's Skald
- King Haraldr Harðráði
- Snorri Sturluson
External links
- Carmina Scaldica Old Norse poetry from «Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad» Norway.
See also
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