Orrorin tugenensis?

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Orrorin
Conservation status: Fossil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Subfamily: Homininae
Genus: Orrorin
Species: O. tugenensis
Binomial name
Orrorin tugenensis
Senut et al., 2001

Orrorin tugenensis is an extinct species of hominin that is closely related to humans and is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. The name was given by the discoverers who found Orrorin fossils near the village of Tugen, Kenya and dated them to approximately 6 million years ago in the Miocene. The fossils found thus far come from at least five individuals. They include a femur, suggesting that Orrorin walked upright; a thick right humerus, suggestive of tree-climbing skills but not brachiation; and teeth that suggest a diet much like that of modern humans. The full molars and small canines suggest that Orrorin ate mostly fruit and vegetables, with occasional meat. Orrorin was about the size of a modern chimpanzee.

The team that found these fossils in 2000 was led by Martin Pickford. Pickford claims that Orrorin is clearly a hominin; based on this, he dates the split between hominins and other African great apes to at least 7 million years ago. This date is markedly different from those derived using the molecular clock approach.

Other fossils found in these rocks show that Orrorin lived in a wooded environment, not the savanna assumed by many theories of human evolution and, in particular, the origins of bipedalism.

If Orrorin proves to be a human ancestor, Australopithecus afarensis (including "Lucy") would be on a side branch of the hominid family tree: Orrorin is both earlier, by 1.5 million years, and more similar to us than A. afarensis. There is, however, significant controversy over this point, and other researchers assert that Pickford et al. gloss over a number of uncertainties.

References

This article forms part of the series
Human Evolution
Ardipithecus
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Australopithecines
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus garhi
Paranthropus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Homo
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo antecessor
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo cepranensis
Homo rhodesiensis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo georgicus
Homo floresiensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
  • B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi, and Y. Coppens, "First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie de Sciences, vol. 332, pp. 137-144, 2001.

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