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"O Canada" is the national anthem of Canada.
The music was composed by Calixa Lavallée; he may have been inspired by the similar "March of the Priests" from Mozart's opera The Magic Flute (MIDI file).
The original French lyrics were written by Sir Adolphe Basile Routhier, as a French-Canadian patriotic song for the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. The French "Ô Canada" was first performed on June 24, 1880 at a Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day banquet in Quebec City, but did not become Canada's official national anthem until July 1, 1980. When it was made the official anthem, most English Canadians were surprised to learn that it did not already have such status.
Since 1867, "God Save the King" and "The Maple Leaf Forever" had been competing as unofficial national anthems in English Canada. "O Canada" joined that fray when school children sang it for the 1901 tour of Canada by the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall (later King George V and Queen Mary). Five years later Whaley and Royce in Toronto published the music with the French text and a first translation into English by Dr. Thomas Bedford Richardson. Then, in 1908, Collier's Weekly magazine held a competition to write English lyrics for "O Canada" and all kinds of versions were submitted. The competition was won by Mercy E. Powell McCulloch, but her version did not take.
The English version that gained the widest currency was written in 1908 by Robert Stanley Weir, a lawyer and at the time Recorder of the City of Montréal. A slightly modified version of his poem was published in an official form for the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927, and gradually became the most generally accepted anthem in English-speaking Canada, winning out over the alternatives by the 1960s. "God Save the Queen" is now Canada's royal anthem, while "The Maple Leaf Forever" is virtually forgotten.
Official changes to the English version were recommended in 1968 by a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons. The National Anthem Act of 1980 added a religious reference to the English lyrics and the phrase "From far and wide, O Canada" to replace a repeated use of the phrase "We stand on guard". This change was controversial with traditionalists, and for several years afterwards it was not uncommon to hear people still singing the old lyrics at public events. By contrast, the French version never wavered from its original.
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Official English lyrics
- O Canada! Our home and native land!
- True patriot love in all thy sons command.
- With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
- The True North strong and free!
- From far and wide, O Canada,
- We stand on guard for thee.
- God keep our land glorious and free!
- O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
- O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
N.B.: the line is true patriot love in all thy sons command, with no possessive apostrophe; otherwise put, "command (inspire) true patriot love in all thy sons". Also, the first word is "O" (used as a vocative, to apostrophize Canada), not the exclamation "oh".
The line "The True North strong and free" is based on Alfred Lord Tennyson's description of Canada as "That True North whereof we lately heard" 1. In the context of Tennyson's poem, true means loyal or faithful.
Two provinces have adopted Latin translations of phrases from the English lyrics as their mottos: Manitoba —Gloriosus et liber (glorious and free)— and Alberta —Fortis et liber (strong and free). Similarly, the motto of Canadian Forces Land Force Command is Vigilamus pro te (we stand on guard for thee).
The original song has several additional verses, but these are rarely sung.
Original Poem by Weir
Originally "O Canada" was a patriotic poem by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier, a Quebec judge. Calixa Lavallée, the well-known Canadian composer, was commissioned to set it to music, and it was first sung in 1880 during a national convention of French Canadians in Quebec City. Many English versions have appeared, but the one which was widely accepted was written in 1908 by another judge, R. Stanley Weir, in honour of the 300th anniversary of the founding of Quebec City. It was amended in 1913, 1914 and 1916 and published in an official form at the time of the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927 and during the Royal visit of 1939. A slightly modified version of the first verse of Weir's, poem was proclaimed as Canada's national anthem in 1980. The original poem of 1908 by Stanley Weir reads as follows:
- O Canada! Our home and native land!
- True patriot love thou dost in us command.
- We see thee rising fair, dear land,
- The True North, strong and free;
- And stand on guard, O Canada,
- We stand on guard for thee.
- Refrain
- O Canada! O Canada!
- O Canada! We stand on guard for thee.
- O Canada! We stand on guard for thee.
- O Canada! Where pines and maples grow.
- Great prairies spread and lordly rivers flow.
- How dear to us thy broad domain,
- From East to Western Sea,
- Thou land of hope for all who toil!
- Thou True North, strong and free!
- Refrain
- O Canada! O Canada! etc.
- O Canada! Beneath thy shining skies
- May stalwart sons and gentle maidens rise,
- To keep thee steadfast through the years
- From East to Western Sea,
- Our own beloved native land!
- Our True North, strong and free!
- Refrain
- O Canada! O Canada! etc.
- Ruler supreme, who hearest humble prayer,
- Hold our dominion within thy loving care;
- Help us to find, O God, in thee
- A lasting, rich reward,
- As waiting for the Better Day,
- We ever stand on guard.
- Refrain
- O Canada! O Canada! etc.
Official French lyrics
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Ô Canada ! Terre de nos aïeux, |
Gloss of the French lyrics: |
Often, singers at public events mix the English and French lyrics in order to represent Canada's linguistic duality. The most common patterns are to sing the first two lines in English, the next four lines in French and the remainder in English, or to sing the first six lines in French and the remainder in English. Other patterns also exist.
Pop culture
Many versions of the song by Canadian rock, pop and folk artists have been released on album, both with and without vocals.
The bluesock band Big Sugar released a rock rendition of "O Canada" on their 2001 album Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready? The band's stated goal was to give the song a treatment that resembled Jimi Hendrix's famed rock interpretation of "The Star-Spangled Banner".
It was also spoofed in the movie South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut.
Critics
In recent years, the English version of the anthem has been criticized, by feminists such as Senator Vivienne Poy, for being sexist ("true patriot love in all thy sons command"); alternate lyrics ("in all of us command") have been proposed but are not widely used. The English version has also been under criticism for its religious connotation (God keep our landw/.).
Another suggested solution to this problem is changing the official English lyrics to the second verse of the original poem which does not contain references to religion or language that is widely considered sexist. This suggestion does not have much support in Canada.
However, if one sings the first two lines in French, the next four in English, and ends the song in French, one avoids both sexist language and religious references (except for foi "faith", which some would argue could be interpreted as faith in one's country and fellow citizens), expresses national unity, and remains unimpeachable on grounds of revisionism, as both versions are just as official.
A third criticism is that by specifying "native land", the words of the anthem exclude immigrants.
The melody and French and English lyrics of "O Canada" are in the public domain.
External links
- Complete text of original English and French poems
- Full original French and English lyrics at Wikisource
- History, audio, sheet music
- History II
- O Canada MIDI file
- O Canada MP3 file
- Sheet music (Government of Canada)