Number Did You Mean Number?

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This article is about the concept used to describe and assess quantity. For other uses of the term, see Number (other meanings).

Number systems in mathematics .
Basic
$\mathbb{N}\sub\mathbb{Z}\sub\mathbb{D}\sub\mathbb{Q}\sub\mathbb{R}\sub\mathbb{C}$ $\mathbb{N}$ Naturals {0,1,2,3w/} $\mathbb{P}$ Primes { 2,3,5,7,11,w/ } $\mathbb{Z}$ Integers {w/-1,0,1,w/} $\mathbb{D}$ Decimals ( 1.5, .454,w/) $\mathbb{Q}$ Rationals Constructibles Irrational numbers $\mathbb{R}$ Real numbers ( $\mathbb{Z} , \mathbb{Q} , \sqrt2, \pi$ ) Imaginary numbers $\mathbb{C}$ Complex ( $\mathbb{R} , \mathrm{i}$ ), Algebraic numbers Transcendentals Transfinite numbers Computable numbers R^1,1 Split-complex
Complex extensions
Bicomplex Hypercomplex Quaternions ( $\mathbb{R},i,j,k$ ) Octonions Sedenions Superreal Hyperreal Surreal
Special/ other
Nominal, Identifier tokens Serial, sequence space Ordinal size, position {n} Cardinal { $\aleph_0, \aleph_1, \aleph_2, \cdots$ } p-adic's Integer sequences Math constants Large numbers $i$ Imaginary unit $= \sqrt{-1}$ π Pi ≈ 3.14159 26535 w/. e (constant) ≈ 2.71828 (∉ $\mathbb{Q}$ ) ∞ Infinity
List of constants
π - e - √2 - √3 - γ - φ - β^* - δ - α - C₂ - M₁ - B₂ - B₄ - Λ - K - K - K - B´_L - μ - E_B - Ω - β - λ - D(1) - λμ - Cah. - Lap. - A-G - Λ - K-L - Apr. - θ - Bac. - Prt. - Lb. - Niv. - Sie. - Kin. - F - L AND1lt;>

A number is an abstract entity used originally to describe quantity. At least since the invention of complex numbers, this definition must be relaxed.

Examples

The most familiar numbers are the natural numbers {0, 1, 2, w/.} or {1, 2, 3, w/.}, used for counting, and denoted by N.

If the negative whole numbers are included, one obtains the integers Z. ("Whole numbers" are sometimes denoted by W, but it depends on the author if this means positive, non-negative, or all integers.)

Rational numbers are made up of all numbers that can be expressed as a fraction of integers, though the whole numbers are rational, despite not being fractions, because they can be understood to have been divided by 1. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q.

The subset of rational numbers having a finite decimal representation are called decimal fractions or decimal numbers, sometimes denoted by D.

The real numbers, R, can have an infinite and non-repeating decimal expansion. Real numbers that are not rational are called irrational numbers.

The real numbers can be extended to the complex numbers C, which leads to an algebraically closed field in which every polynomial with complex coefficients can be completely factored.

The above symbols are often written in blackboard bold, thus:

$\mathbb{N}\sub\mathbb{Z}\sub\mathbb{D}\sub\mathbb{Q}\sub\mathbb{R}\sub\mathbb{C}$

In another respect, roots of polynomials with rational coefficients lead to algebraic numbers, and those complex numbers which are not algebraic are called transcendental numbers.

Iterating the adjunction of imaginary units allows to extend complex numbers to quaternions H, losing commutativity of multiplication, and then to octonions, losing associativity and thus leaving the category of associative division algebras.

Further generalizations

Elements of function fields of finite characteristic behave in some ways like numbers and are often regarded as a kind of number by number theorists.

Numerals and numbering

Numbers should be distinguished from numerals, which are (combinations of) symbols used to represent numbers. The notation of numbers as a series of digits is discussed in numeral systems.

People like to assign numbers to objects in order to have unique names. There are various numbering schemes for doing so.

Extensions

Superreal, hyperreal and surreal numbers extend the real numbers by adding infinitesimal and infinitely large numbers. While (most) real numbers have infinitely long expansions to the right of the decimal point, one can also try to allow for infinitely long expansions to the left in base p, where p is a prime, leading to the p-adic numbers. For dealing with infinite collections, the natural numbers have been generalized to the ordinal numbers and to the cardinal numbers. The former give the ordering of the collection, the latter its size. (For the finite case, the ordinal and cardinal numbers are equivalent; they diverge in the infinite case.)

The arithmetical operations of numbers, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, are generalized in the branch of mathematics called abstract algebra; one obtains the groups, rings and fields.

References

Wiktionary article on number
Erich Friedman, What's special about this number?
Alexander Bogomolny, What's a Number?

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