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Goguryeo (37 BCa href="668.html" title="668">668) was an empire in Manchuria and northern Korea. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla. The modern English name "Korea" derives from the medieval Korean kingdom of Goryeo, which in turn took its name from a contracted form of "Goguryeo". See Names of Korea. It was founded in 37 BC by Jumong, after the fall of Gojoseon, and grew into a major regional power until defeated by the Sillaa href="Tang.html" title="Tang">Tang alliance in 668.
History
FoundingAccording to the Samguk Sagi, a 12th century Korean history, King Jumong (posthumously called King Dongmyeongseong) founded the state in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. Jumong is a Korean name transcribed in hanja as 朱蒙 (주몽), 鄒牟(추모), or 仲牟 (중모), with the family name of Hae (a Buyeo name), which was later changed to Go, after the kingdom he founded. He is said to have descended from a branch of Buyeo, but records conflict on the exact relationship: a son of the North Buyeo's king, or son-in-law of Jolbon Buyeo's king, or merely married to a Buyeo woman. Goguryeo may have been founded in Jolbon Buyeo territory, and had a close early relationship with East Buyeo. Jumong's founding date is roughly corroborated by other written records, although some indicate the incipient state may have been called "Guryeo" before Jumong's arrival. Archeological records are sparse. Jumong is recorded to have conquered the states of Biryu (비류국, 沸流國) in 36 BC, Hang-in (행인국, 荇人國) in 33 BC, and North Okjeo (북옥저) in 28 BC. Goguryeo became a significant kingdom the first century, and expanded its power while China was fragmented following the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE. Among the other various small states in former Gojoseon territory were the neighboring Buyeo, and Okjeo and Dongye in the northeast of the Korean peninsula, all of which were later conquered by Goguryeo. The last Chinese commandery, at Lelang, was destroyed by Goguryeo in 313 AD. King Gwanggaeto the GreatThe maximum territorial extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu around the year 400. During this period the Goguryeo empire included three fourths of the Korean peninsula, including today's Seoul, and most of Manchuria. It was also during this time that Goguryeo shifted its capital southward to what is now Pyongyang in North Korea, evidence of the intensifying rivalries between it and the other two Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Silla to its south. In 598 the Sui Dynasty of China, provoked by Goguryeo military offensives in the Liaodong region, attacked Goguryeo in the first of four costly campaigns. In this campaign, as with those that followed in 612, 613, and 614, Sui met with defeat (the campaign of 614 had limited success). These expensive, and in some cases disastrous, engagements contributed significantly to the fall of the Sui Dynasty in 618. The campaign of 598 also provided Goguryeo, and modern Korea, with one of its great national heros: the general Eulji Mundeok, who led the Sui troops into a trap outside of Pyongyang, ensuring their retreat during which they were decimated. Chinese histories record that of the over 300,000 Sui troops that crossed into Goguryeo in 598, less than 3,000 returned to China. The succeeding Tang dynasty in China also tried its hand at defeating Goguryeo. A combination of bad weather and flawed strategy meant Tang's first attempts under the personal leadership of Emperor Gaozu proved inconclusive. The decline and fallUnder Gaozu's successor Taizong Tang forged an alliance with Goguryeo's rival Silla. This, combined with Goguryeo's increasing political instability following the 642 murder of its king Yeongnyu at the hands of the military strongman Yeon Gaesomun, proved the kingdom's undoing. In 666 Yeon Gaesomun, the de facto leader, died and civil war ensued between his three sons. This greatly contributed to the kingdom's weakness as it faced its gravest challenge. Goguryeo was overthrown by a military alliance between Silla and Tang Dynasty, in 668. Following Goguryeo's fall, some of its populace relocated to China, while other elements made their way north to form a part of the future kingdom of Balhae. Tang initially attempted to set up a military occupational government in Goguryeo's stead, but this did not last. The southern portion of the ertwhile Goguryeo territory was claimed by Silla, while the rest was succeeded by the kingdom of Balhae. In her diplomatic language with Japan Balhae, established in 698, claimed to be a successor state to Goguryeo. In the early 10th century, Taebong (also called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo")), which briefly rose in rebellion against Silla, also claimed to be a successor to Goguryeo, as did Goryeo, the state that succeeded Silla to rule a unified Korean peninsula. CultureRemains of walled towns, fortesses, palaces, tombs, and artifacts have been found in North Korea, including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex in Pyongyang. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an (集安) in northeastern China along the present border with North Korea, site of the state's first permanent capital. Ji'an is also home to a large collection of Goguryeo era tombs, including what Chinese scholars consider to be the tombs of kings Gwanggaeto and his son Jangsu, as well as perhaps the most well-known Goguryeo artifact, the mammoth funeral stele of King Gwanggaeto, around whose interpretation a debate still rages. The stele is one of the primary sources for pre-fifth century Goguryeo history. Goguryeo art, preserved largely in tomb paintings, is noted for the vigor of its imagery. It absorbed influences from the northern dynasties of China. Cultural vestiges of Goguryeo may be found in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's unique floor heating system. A modernized version can be found in the floor of every modern house in Korea. LanguageThe Goguryeo language is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggests that it was similar to the language of Silla and influenced by the Tungusic languages. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Most Korean linguists see that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altaic languages out of the three dominant states after Old Joseon. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. Chinese record suggest that the languages of Goguryeo and Fuyu (Buyeo), East Okjeo, and Old Joseon (Go-Joseon) were similar, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. 1 Some linguists propose the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, and Baekje, and Old Japanese. Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but most were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long; however, some of these words in the old Korean language are closer to the original word of the Goguryeo language than of the Shilla. See also: Korean language Modern politicsHistorians have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Chinese have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state that engaged in the terriotial competition with the Han China in Manchuria. Then, in accordance with a more inclusive view of the modern People's Republic of China as a multi-ethnic nation state, the concept of Chinese history was expanded to encompass all states that developed principally in the current territory of China. The accepted position among Chinese government historians therefore became that the history of Goguryeo before the capital was transferred to Pyongyang in the Korean Peninsula was to be considered part of Chinese history, a regional power of China. The Chinese government launched a 20-billion-yuan (2.4 billion US dollars) project dealing with China's Northeast in 2002, rewriting history textbooks and restoring important Goguryeo sites in China. This was followed by protests from scholars from South Korea. In 2004 this dispute threatened to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and South Korea, although all of the governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations. The existence of a sizeable ethnic Korean minority in the former Goguryeo territories in China, the issue of political influence over North Korea in the case of a collapse of the regime, and some nervousness over the rapidly increasing power of China add to the fuel of the dispute. See also: Gando Convention Goguryeo KingsThe following tables give the names of the Goguryeo Kings in Korean followed by Chinese characters with Pinyin transcription. Legendary line
Note: These are the names and dates given in the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu (History of the Wei dynasty) gives the following names: 朱蒙 Zhūméng, 閭達 Lǘdá, 始閭諧 Shǐlǘxié, 如栗 Rúlí, and 莫來 Mòlái. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Chumo, 儒留 Yuryu, and 大朱留 Daejuryu. The connection between those names is not clear. Great king line
Hwando-Guknae line
P'yŏngyang line
Note: According to one theory, the surname Gao/Go was adopted in the early 5th century when King Gwanggaeto was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun 高雲 (or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of the Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Goguryeo royal family. According to the Jin shu (History of the Jin dynasty), Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang 高陽氏 (or Zhuan Xu, one of the San Huang Wu Di) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Gao/Go was named after the country name Goguryeo. See alsoExternal link
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