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Generation Y (occasionally written as Generation Why?) - along with Echo Boom, Byte Block, Internet Generation and Millennial Generation - is a name used in demographics to describe a particular generational cohort in Western societies, specifically the United States. The cohort comprises those born in the 1980s and 1990s, although no consensus has emerged specifying exact dates, which has made matters difficult and confusing for many people. Proposed start dates range from 1977 to 1985, and proposed end dates range from 1994 to 2002, making only 10 years (1985 - 1994) out of the maximum 25-year threshold (1977 - 2002) definitely Generation Y. The typical dates, though, are usually roughly 1977 to about 1993/1994. Generation Y is sometimes considered a clone or protraction of Generation X, because of the similar cultural traits (e.g. rap music, video game consoles) adopted by Generation Y, but this is possibly due to older generations dominating the marketing that attempts to reach and define this generation. As members of the generation move into adulthood, a more accurate picture and unique character is likely to emerge.
Elusiveness of definitionThe nature of generations as a valid social phenomenon is somewhat disputed. Many claim that attempts to characterize large numbers of individuals is unfounded, but many others think that understanding the theories behind generations answers more questions than it raises. Popularized by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, the concept of generations in general hinges significantly on their work. Many labels have been attached to this generation, although none has been overwhelmingly accepted yet. Additionally, the term “Generation Y” is sometimes used to refer to the later half of Generation X, who exhibit distinct differences from the first wave, which further exacerbates the confusion surrounding the labeling of this generation. For the purposes of this article, we will use the term “Generation Y” to refer to those born in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. The name "Newmils" is popular in the UK, as is the term "Thatcher's Children". The term "echo" is most popular in Canada, inspired by David K. Foot and Daniel Stoffman's book Boom, Bust and Echo. The Y in Generation Y comes from the name Generation X sometimes given to the previous generation (Y immediately following X in the alphabet.) In the Generations system of authors Strauss and Howe, the Millennial Generation, as they call it, is the generation of Americans born from 1985 to 2005. However, alternate birth year groupings are widely available, based on criteria such as personal identification, fertility rates, and national events. In subsequent publications, Strauss and Howe have altered their boundary years as well. In his book Growing Up Digital, business strategist and psychologist Don Tapscott coined the term "Net Generation" for the group, pointing at the significance of being the first to grow up immersed in a digital- and Internet-driven world. However, they may be the last generation to appreciate its significance in changing the culture, as most of them can still recall now-obsolete items of the pre-digital era (typewriters, hand-drawn animation, and VHS tapes, for example). In addition, Generation Y members born in the early 1980s can still remember a time before widespread use of personal computers, DVD players, digital audio players, cellphones, TiVo, digital cable, iBooks, and other now ubiquitous items. Perhaps the best way to define the boundaries of this and other generations in the United States is by considering dominant national events. Events that shape national identity, while not completely explicative of all personality traits, can shed much light on broad characteristics of a generation. National events proposed as boundaries for Generation Y are the Challenger explosion (most members of this generation did not witness the tragedy in schools, were not aware it had happened, or were not born yet, in contrast to members of Generation X, who watched the takeoff—and the explosion—in the classroom). On the other end, the September 11th attacks are a proposed end-point for the generation; people who in 2001 were not yet born, or were too young to remember and/or understand what happened on that infamous day, would be grouped into Generation Z, while people who were solidly rooted in adult life would be grouped into Generation X. The very early years of the 1980's are among the most debated and stratified for determining the boundaries of Generations X and Y, as various sources have placed people born from 1981-1985 as being either the tail-end of Generation X or the elders of Generation Y. A person born in 1983 can therefore have a difficult time cementing themselves in one specific generation as a result of this confusion. Furthermore, a person born in that year would have still been a 17-year-old 'Minor' at the psychologically important year 2000 but an 18-year-old 'Adult' by legal definition at the generation defining Terrorist attacks in 2001, putting further debate on start and end dates for the generational divide. Most Generation X'ers however, clearly do not believe that people born past 1980 belong in their circles, as these people would have been no older than elementary school age when the Gen-X defining rock bands Nirvana and Pearl Jam became popular in 1991. This same thinking is what leads some people to dispute the fact that those born from 1958 to 1964 are Baby Boomers, since they would been too young to remember the Kennedy assassination as well as having been obviously too young to possibly have been drafted into the Vietnam War (though this is a minority view). Generational demographicsMany in Generation Y are the children of Baby Boomers, and the generation is also known as the "Echo (Boom) generation," because it is, in some areas, the largest demographic grouping since the baby boom that immediately followed World War II (the U.S. birth rate per 1,000 population, however, declined for seven consecutive years starting in 1991 — the second longest such streak on record, exceeded only by the eleven-year baby bust of 1958 through 1968). Most parents of the members of Generation Y are from the Baby Boomer or younger Silent generations; significantly fewer parents are from Generation X. Their grandparents are mostly from the G.I. Generation, with some older Silents. While the echo was much larger than the previous cohorts, except the Baby Boom, the relative size of this generation is much smaller that the Baby Boom. The American population was much larger in the 1990s than in the 1950s or '60s. From 1946 to 1964, the U.S. total fertility rate averaged 3.3 — high enough to double the population every two generations. Since 1980, it has averaged 1.9, which is below the so-called replacement rate, though in recent years it has moved slightly above 2.0. Families continued to get smaller than in previous decades, usually with only one or two children.
Source: 1 Generation Y in the United StatesOver 60 million people were born between 1977 and 1993 in the United States 2. Some demographers define those years as constituting the large baby bulge of the late 20th century in that country, and define people born between those years as the "echo generation." Those numbers mark the echo as slightly smaller than the Baby Boom (72 million), but much larger than Generation X (Between 40 and 45 million). Birth rates in the United States peaked around 1989-90 and have dropped considerably since then, but remain higher than in the 1960s–'70s. Most families with children in the 1980s and 90s had only a few kids, leading to smaller families than in previous generations, although this was merely the continuation of a trend that began earlier in the century. Most have few memories of the Cold War (apart from perhaps action movies, toys, or video games with such themes) and came of age during the technology-driven changes in the years of President Bill Clinton. They were the first to grow up with the Internet in a developed, prolific form, including music downloads, instant messaging and cellular phones. The portmanteau "screenager" was coined in 1997 by Douglas Rushkoff in his book "Playing the Future" to describe this techno-savvy generation. Other major social changes in recent times include immigration and developments in race relations. Characteristically, Generation Y members are generally very tolerant towards multiculturalism and internationalism. It is also not uncommon for post-1970's born children to grow up dating people outside their own race or ethnic group, as well as having a wide range in friends. This growing trend towards interracial relationships is unfortunately sometimes a source of negative friction between youth and their parents or elders. As well, many people in this group are themselves multiracial in background, and this is also a considerable change from previous generations. Opinions on Gay rights and gender roles have also been altered to some degree by this group. Generation Y is known for having among the most wide-ranging opinions on such issues. This generation was the subject of much concern during the 1990s, though, despite some of its positive features. The Columbine school shooting, along with similar crime, as well as youth participation in street gangs, hate groups, and behaviors such as teen pregnancy fueled a wave of action by schools and other organizations. Politically, the impact of Generation Y remains to be seen. Strauss and Howe posit that the generation is poised to inhabit the "Hero" generational archetype, and can be expected to exhibit characteristically civic predispositions. However, with most of the generation still in childhood and somewhat "micromanaged" by domineering Baby Boomer parents, as well as the vast diversity exhibited by the members of the generation, the collective potential for political dominance is uncertain. One thing that connects Generation Y to previous Hero generations is war; people in this group were just becoming adults during the time of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and many young recruits joined the military afterwards. A large share of servicemembers in the current Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts were born during the first half of the 1980s, and their young age (20-25) has made it more likely that they are assigned to combat roles. Thus, as the previous Hero generation was deeply affected by World War II, so the current War on Terrorism may be for Generation Y. A contrast to this view is that the current conflicts involving Generation Y may end up mimicing the Vietnam War, which greatly impacted both the Silents and Baby Boomers, corresponding with generational and ideological divides over the war. Although their collective identity is still forming, some trends are noticeable. Youths in this group often have anti-war opinions. The Presidential election in 2004 was the first election where Generation Y was able to vote in large numbers, and they generally supported John Kerry by a majority over the incumbent, George W. Bush. The current "youth" demographic group tends to oppose Bush more than any other. These attitudes, though, may simply be influences from Generation X, or may reflect the general tendency of young adults - who usually earn below-average salaries - to lean to the political left, and may change as the generation becomes older. Generation Y elsewhereIn a strict sense, the term "Generation Y" and its variations can be said to refer only to the United States, but the close cultural connection between the U.S. and other Western countries has led to the term being used to describe any youth culture, even if the emerging generation does not bear any characteristic similarities to the United States version of "Generation Y" besides chronological birth years. In many rich countries, the 1980s and 1990s were a period of rapidly falling birthrates. In Southern Europe and Japan, and less markedly in Northern and Eastern Europe, Generation Y is dramatically smaller than any of its predecessors, and its childhood years tended to be marked by small families, both immediate and extended, small classes at school and school closures. In the Soviet Union during the 1980s, there was a "baby boom echo" similar to that in the United States, and Generation Y there is relatively large; however, birth rates fell through the floor in the 1990s to extremely low levels. This meant a lot of individual attention from parents in a period in which society was becoming intrinsically more risk averse. The child poverty rate was still relatively high in many Western countries throughout the 1980s and '90s. The increasing stratification of wealth in many societies has led to an increase in the societal differences between poor and rich members of this generation. Although many middle class and wealthier families arrange many extra-curricular activities for their children, less affluent families cannot afford such extras, increasing the pressure on their own children. Since much of the generational character is tied to the prevalence of "extracurriculars" and relatively expensive technologies such as computers, some feel that the description of the generation only applies to wealthy members or at least the broadly middle class. In Eastern Europe, Generation Y is the first generation without mature memories of communism or dictatorial rule. In newly rich countries such as South Korea or Greece, Generation Y has known nothing but developed world standards of living, while their grandparents often grew up in developing world conditions, causing considerable social changes and inter-generational difficulties as the young reject many traditional ways of life. Relationship with other living generationsSome members of Generation Y are adverse to labels such as "The Echo Boom" or "Generation Y" because of demonstrated differences between their generation and "Boomers" or "Xers. Members of this generation have very distinctive characteristics both as a generation and as individuals within the generation. They are enormously tolerant of differences in belief, creed, race, and lifestyle and feel comfortable exerting a large degree of individuality even while interacting with others who are very different. In areas such as the Southern United States, children of Generation Y have generally different beliefs from their parents and grandparents involving human relationships along the boundaries of Black-And-White politics. Members of Generation Y, having grown up in a post-Civil rights movement era, are more likely to support of interracial friendship and dating, and affirmative action programs, than their elders. Along with some members of Generation X, this generation also grew up watching education programs such as Sesame Street in very large numbers, which encouraged children from a very young age to interact with people from other races and ethnic groups and not to make negative judgements or be afraid of other people just because of their appearance, religion, language, or ethnic group. Even so, the Boom Generation and Generation Y share a symbiotic relationship. Due to the cultural popularity of parenting during the period in which Generation Y was born, their Boomer parents have been said to have created an atmosphere that focused on children and development to the extent that parents became intensely intertwined in their child's life. Even into college years, Boomer parents display an unprecedented control over their childrens' lives. It must be noted, though, that Generation Y is still largely a youth generation that is beholden to its parents for support, both monetary and emotional. Generation X can be said to play something of a mentoring role to the younger Generation Y. Dominated by Baby Boomer parents and influence, the stereotypical Generation X attitude of withdrawal and cynicism may seem "refreshing" and "honest" to members of Generation Y. Attracted to the "Xtreme" culture of Generation X, many members of Generation Y reject attempts to be sold artificially popularized trends, and exhibit highly individualized tastes. Generation Y members have themselves begun to have children in recent years, founding what has been dubbed the "Generation Z" - the youngest children of today. This label is seen as applying to any child born after approximately 2000. Trends in Generation Y parenting are just become noticeable, but appear to have a similar emphasis on tolerance as they were exposed to while young. Y parents appear largely more likely, in increasing numbers across different social groups, to attain an education before having children. In the United States, historical challenges faced by members of Generation Y include its large size and inevitably its timing. Despite a sometimes "spoiled" image to others, many Yers were in fact born during severe economic recessions, in turn often exposing them to crime and family breakup. (They have also taken on responsibilities of their own; some Yers have already been independent workers and parents, in various degrees of success, for up to a decade or more). Political changes impacted their global counterparts to an even greater degree. Entering the job markets of the early 2000s, this group in some ways bears the brunt of effects from global conflict, environment and energy issues, and the like; all while being a much larger pool of competitors looking for work. Many of these new workers have University degrees and tertiary qualifications at a rate and number unsurpassed in human history, and in many cases young adults are confined to jobs where they are reluctantly over-qualified for their positions due to a lucrative and difficult job market. Along with controversies regarding inter-generational programs such as Social Security, a turbulent world exists for Generation Y. Music and subculturesResponding to changing trends in market research, marketers sought to capture the attention and support of Generation Y by attempting to popularize wholesome, youth-oriented popular music in the mid-1990s. With the sudden popularity of boy bands and girl bands, pop music icons such as Britney Spears and the Backstreet Boys were often associated with the first wave of Generation Yers born in the early to mid 1980s. Bands like Linkin Park and Simple Plan, while popular for several years, soon received much criticism from their own generation for being "sell-outs". This trend in “corporate acts” started around 1994 or 1995 and continued through 2002, but by 2003 it was met with slightly different tones as the bulk of Generation Y became the primary audience for new music. While pop music still dominated through the end of the nineties and into the new millennium, the preference for other, non-pop genres showed the diversity among members of Generation Y. The musical tastes of some Generation Y have fragmented into various countercultures, including "punks," "emo kids," "goths," "scene kids," etc. As usual, the subcultures have aligned themselves along musical lines, with some refusing to put on the aesthetic expression of counterculture, yet remaining significantly detached from the “mainstream.” It is important to note that although many bands and acts attempt to engage Generation Y, there is little authentic representation of the generation in popular culture that is not engineered and marketed by older generations. This is a seldom articulated point of contention that may explain the generation's relative ambivalence to pop culture. Many members of the Y Generation are disappointed by the overall poor quality of mainstream music and the dominance of hip-hop and pop. Teens would rather listen to classic Rock music from the 60's 70’s and 80’s, such as The Beatles, Pink Floyd, AC/DC, The Who, The Ramones, and Led Zeppelin, as well as the alternative music of the X Generation, for example, Nirvana, Rage Against the Machine, U2, R.E.M., and Pearl Jam, rather than buy into the current musical trends. Trends/Problems among Generation Y membersAs with previous generations, many problems began to surface as Generation Y came of age. Underage drinking is prevalent among high school and college age members of Generation Y. Drug use has also become an issue that many Baby Boomer parents have had trouble understanding. In urban areas, rave culture is becoming known for its influence on ecstasy usage among Generation Yers. Members of this generation are also more sexually promiscuous, hooking up with strangers at parties and engaging in oral sex and other sexual activities. This first gained national attention with the release of the 2003 movie Thirteen (film), co-written by two Generation Yers. Generation Y is one of the most medicated generations in human history, with many Generation Yers prescribed (subdued/controlled by) antidepressants and other behavior-altering drugs like Ritalin. Childhood obesity is another health problem that has plagued Generation Y. In response, many local school boards have started to remove junk food from school cafeterias in an effort to reverse this trend. As members of Generation Y begin to enter the nation's colleges and universities in large numbers, many of their Boomer parents have become Helicopter parents. Many college advisors and administrators worry that this could have a negative effect on Generation Y's social progress and developing maturity. FirstsTechnologyThis generation was the first generation to use the following technology from an early age:
CultureThis generation was also the first to experience:
See alsoN Howe and W Strauss. Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation.
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