Gain?

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Contents 1 Electronics 1.1 Gain of an amplifier 1.2 Gain of an antenna 2 Finance 3 Literature 4 Psychology 5 See also

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Electronics

Gain of an amplifier

In electronics, gain is usually taken as the mean ratio of the signal output of a system to the signal input of the system. A gain of 10 would imply that either the voltage or power is increased by a factor of 10.

In electronics, it is common to use a logarithmic unit to measure gain. Originally, the bel was used.

Gain = log (P₂/P₁) bels.

This unit turned out to be too large, so the decibel (one tenth of a bel) became popular in its place. As there are 10 decibels in a bel,

Gain = 10 * log (P₂/P₁) dB.

It should be noted that logarithms to base 10 was normally used in the old times when we had only power matching.
Now we usually use maximum voltage transfer, called impedance bridging. (A similar unit using natural logarithms is called the neper).

When voltages are used instead of powers, the formula is:

Gain = 20 * log (V₂/V₁) dB.

Strictly speaking, this formula only holds true if the load impedances are identical. In many modern electronic devices, output impedances are low enough and input impedances high enough that load can be ignored without significantly affecting the calculation.

If an amplifier produces an output of 1 volt into a 1 ohm load, then it is providing 1 watt of output power. If the amplifier is then altered to produce an output of 10 volts into the same load, it is now providing 100 watts of output power (P = V²/R). Voltage gain = 10 x. Power gain = 100 x. Gain (dB) = 20 dB; it is not necessary to state whether this is voltage gain or power gain. It can be seen that 10 log (P₂/P₁) =
10 log (V²₂/V²₁) = 20 log (V₂/V₁).

A gain of x 1 or 0 dB (where both input and output are at the same voltage level) is also known as unity gain.

Gain of an antenna

In antenna design, gain is the logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of an antenna's radiation pattern in the direction of strongest radiation to that of a reference antenna. If the reference antenna is an isotropic antenna, the gain is expressed in units of dBi (decibels over isotropic). For example, a dipole antenna has a gain of 2.14 dBi 1. Often, the dipole antenna is used as the reference, in which case the gain of the antenna in question is measured in dBD (decibels over dipole).

See also

• Main: Federal Standard 1037C, Transmitter power output, Absolute gain, Loop gain, Insertion gain, Directive gain, Signal processing gain, Net gain, Automatic gain control,
• Loss: Aperture-to-medium coupling loss, Effective radiated power,

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Finance

In finance, gain is a profit or an increase in value of an investment such as a stock or bond. Gain is calculated by fair market value or the proceeds from the sale of the investment minus the sum of the purchase price and all costs associated with it. If the investment is not converted into cash or another asset, the gain is then called an unrealized gain.

Books: Powers, Richard, "Gain". Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.

See also: Workplace, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, List of accounting topics, Prospect theory

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Literature

Gain is a novel by American author Richard Powers.

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Psychology

In psychology, primary gain and secondary gain are commonly seen in somatoform disorders.

See also

Desensitation

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