The term diaspora (Ancient Greek διασπορά, a scattering or sowing of seeds) is used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the ensuing developments in their dispersal and culture.
Originally, the term Diaspora (capitalized) was used to refer specifically to the populations of Jews exiled from Judea in 586 BCE by the Babylonians, and Jerusalem in 135 CE by the Roman Empire. This term is used interchangeably to refer to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population of Israel, the cultural development of that population, or the population itself. The probable origin of the word is the Septuagint version of Deuteronomy 28:25, "thou shalt be a diaspora (Greek for dispersion) in all kingdoms of the earth". The term has been used in its modern sense since the late twentieth century.
The academic field of diaspora studies was established in the late twentieth century in regard to the expanded meaning of diaspora.
The twentieth century in particular has seen massive ethnic refugee crises due to war and the rise of nationalism and racism. The first half of the twentieth century saw the creation of hundreds of millions of ethnic refugees across Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Many of these refugees who did not die from starvation or war went to the Americas.
List of notable diasporas
Afghan people who fled their country throughout the 20th century and the long civil wars
Almost 5% of the present day Australian population lives outside of Australia for a variety of reasons. This phenomenon is known as the Australian Diaspora
In modern Greek the word diaspora refers to the large populations of Greek descent living in the United States, Australia and other countries. There is a Department of Diaspora Affairs in the Greek government.
The Roma, a traditionally dispersed people in Europe with origins in South Asia, even more dispersed due to the genocide of Nazi Germany.
The Heimatvertriebene, the ethnic German refugees from the former German Empire during and following World War II, enlarged by the Oder-Neisse line
The Irish diaspora consists of Irish emigrants and their descendants in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and nations of the Caribbean and continental Europe. The diaspora contains over 80 million people and it is the result of mass migration from Ireland due to past famines and political oppression. The term first came widely into use in Ireland in the 1990s when the then President of Ireland, Mary Robinson began using it to describe all those of Irish descent.)
The Jewish diaspora in its historical use refers to the period between the destruction of the Jewish state by Rome in 137 CE to the re-establishment of Israel in 1948. In modern use, the Diaspora refers to Jews living outside of the Jewish state of Israel. There is a Ministry of Diaspora Affairs in the Israeli government, for example.
Muslim diaspora refers to Muslim populations who have left their traditional homelands in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia and migrated, usually for economic reasons, to the more prosperous regions of the west. They are found especially in European, Russian, North American and Australian urban areas.They are not to be confused with the Muslim populations of India or western China, who arrived or were converted at a time of military conquest by Muslim armies.
The Southeast Asian diaspora includes the refugees from the numerous wars that took place in Southeast Asia, such as World War II and the Vietnam War.
Various ethnic minorities from areas under Russian and Soviet control following the Russian Revolution, continuing through the mass forced resettlements under Stalin
Various groups fled in large numbers from areas under Axis control during World War II, or after the border changes following the war, and formed their own diasporas. Other than the aforementioned Jewish diaspora, notable are:
The Somali dispora that includes Ethnic Somalis who live in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti. It also includes the million people who live Europe, North America, and the Middle East as refugees from the civil War. It altogether numbers between five and seven million. This is near the population of Somalia itself.
The South African diaspora mainly consists of white South African emigrants, especially to white Afrikaans speakers who have fled the country for a number of reasons. There is also a growing black middle class in South Africa, many of whom are starting to emigrate as well, furthering the demographic weight of South Africans abroad. South Africans have largely settled in the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States, New Zealand and Canada.
Futuristic science fiction sometimes refers to a "Diaspora", taking place when much of humanity leaves Earth to settle on far-flung colony worlds.
The above list is not comprehensive or definitive. Only a few have been given much historical attention. There is much talk currently (after Hurricane Katrina in 2005) of a New Orleans or US Gulf Coast diaspora, but only time will tell how significant a number of those evacuees will indeed not return.
During the Cold War era huge populations of refugees continued to form from areas of war, especially from Third World nations, all over Africa, South and Central America, the Middle East, and east Asia.
Cours d'anglais, cours de langues pour debutant: Cours d'anglais Annuaire france regions et tourisme: Annuaire OuiX Sexe sur AbSexe, videos porno et annuaire sexe: Ab Sexe