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The Republic of Croatia is a crescent-shaped country in Europe bordering the Merranean, Central Europe and the Balkans. Its capital is Zagreb. In recent history, it was a republic in the SFR Yugoslavia, but it achieved independence in 1991. It is a candidate for membership of the European Union.

Republika Hrvatska

Flag of Croatia Coat of Arms of Croatia (Flag) (Coat of Arms)
Motto: none
Anthem: Lijepa naša domovino
Location of Croatia
Capital	{{{capital}}} 45°48′ N 16°0′ E
Largest city	Zagreb
Official languages	Croatian capital = Zagreb
Government President Prime minister	Democratic republic Stjepan Mesić Ivo Sanader
Independence	June 25, 1991
Area • Total • Water (%)	56,542 km² (124th) 0.01%
Population • July 2004 est. • 2001 census • Density	4,496,869 (117th) 4.437.460 83/km² (116th)
GDP (PPP) • Total • Per capita	2005 estimate $55,638 million (72nd) $12,364 (56th)
Currency	Kuna (kn) (HRK)
Time zone • Summer (DST)	CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD	.hr
Calling code	+385

Have to see

Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Politics 3.1 European Union 4 Counties 5 Geography 6 Economy 7 Demographics 8 Culture 9 Related articles 10 External links

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Name

Croatia is the Latinized version of the native name of the country: Hrvatska. The letter "r" in the first syllable "hrv" is rolled or continuant, which is a linguistic trait strange to languages such as English, making the word seemingly impossible to pronounce by some of those speakers.

However, not all other languages use the Latinized version, many use a form more similar to the native one. For example:

• Hrvaška in Slovenian
• Хрватска (≅ Hrvatska) in Serbian and Macedonian
• Хърватска (≅ Hŭrvatska) in Bulgarian
• Horvátország in Hungarian
• Chorvatsko in Czech
• Chorvátsko in Slovak
• Chorwacja in Polish
• Horvātija in Latvian
• Хорватия (≅ Horvatiya) in Russian
• Horvaatia in Estonian
• Հորվաթիա (≅ Horvat'ia) in Armenian
• ჰორვატია (≅ Horvatia) in Georgian
• Horwatiýa in Turkmen
• Hırvatistan in Turkish

The country code for Croatia is HR (per ISO 3166), so Croatian Internet domains end with .hr.

History

Main article: History of Croatia

The Croats are largely Slavic people who lived in an area of what is today Galicia (in Ukraine and Poland). From there they migrated further south to present-day Croatia during the 7th century. Nominally under East Roman and then Frankish authority, Croatia eventually became a strong independent kingdom, but in 1102 the Croatians ended a decade-long dynastic struggle by agreeing to submit themselves to Hungarian authority.

By the mid-1400s, the Hungarian kingdom was gravely hurt by the Ottoman expansion as much of the mountainous country now known as Bosnia and Herzegovina fell to the Turks. At the same time, Dalmatia became mostly Venetian. Dubrovnik was a city-state that was firstly Byzantine (Roman) and Venetian, but later, unlike other Dalmatian city-states, it became independent as Republic of Dubrovnik, even if it was often under the suzerainty of neighboring powers.

The Battle of Mohács in 1526 led the Croatian Parliament to invite the Habsburgs, under Ferdinand I, to assume control over Croatia. Habsburg rule eventually did prove to be successful in thwarting the Ottomans, and by the 18th century, much of Croatia was free of Turkish control. The odd crescent shape of the Croatian lands remained as a mark, more or less, of the frontier to the Ottoman advance into Europe. Istria, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik all eventually passed to the Habsburg Monarchy between 1797 and 1815.

Following World War I and the demise of Austria-Hungary, Croatia joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which became Yugoslavia in 1929). Yugoslavia was invaded during World War II and Croatia was turned into a fascist puppet-state named the Independent State of Croatia. After the defeat of the Axis powers, Yugoslavia became a federal socialist state under the strong hand of Josip Broz Tito.

Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it had to endure four-to-five years of sporadic and often bitter fighting with the Yugoslav People's Army and the Army of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Croatian major offensives in 1995, Operation Storm and Operation Flash, defeated the separatists and ended the war, restoring the territories of Krajina to Croatia. Peaceful integration of the remaining separatist territories was completed in 1998 under UN supervision.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Croatia

Since the adoption of the 1990 Constitution, Croatia has been a parliamentary democracy.

Croatia is a member of:

United Nations

Council of Europe

OSCE

Partnership for Peace

Other organizations

The President of the Republic (Predsjednik) is head of state and elected for a five-year term. In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the Prime minister with the consent of the Parliament, and has some influence on foreign policy.

The Croatian Parliament (Sabor) is a unicameral legislative body of up to 160 representatives, all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The plenary sessions of the Sabor take place from January 15 to July 15, and from September 15 to December 15.

The Croatian Government (Vlada) is headed by the Prime minister who has 2 deputy prime ministers and 14 ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity. The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of the republic.

Croatia has a three-tiered judicial system, consisting of the Supreme Court, county courts, and municipal courts. The Constitutional Court rules on matters regarding the Constitution.

See also: Foreign relations of Croatia

European Union

Croatia applied for European Union membership in 2003 and the EU leaders accepted it as an official candidate country in late 2004. The actual accession negotiations started in late 2005.

With regard to economy, Croatia has similar or better standing than other candidate countries and some of the newer EU member states. However, Croatian accession faces various political obstacles - mostly remnants of the recent war, particularly the cooperation with the ICTY.

For details, see: Croatian accession to the European Union

Counties