City rights in the Netherlands?

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City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. City rights, which were granted by a landlord, gave settlements certain privileges that settlements without city rights did not have.

To stimulate the establishment of cities, landlords started to grant privileges to settlements around the year A.D. 1000. The total package of these privileges are the city rights. City rights turned settlements into interesting locations for merchants. This resulted in economic growth of the cities. The landlord took profit from this economic growth by means of taxes.

Because the landlord remained in charge of the composition of local government, he continued to exercise his political influence. Several cities nonetheless managed to acquire a reasonable amount of autonomy through the years. Some cities even managed to grow to city states. The first community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Deventer in 956, though Nijmegen also received city rights during the Roman Empire. The last community in the Netherlands to receive city rights was Winschoten in 1825.

City rights

• Privileges

City walls (the right to erect a defence wall around an inhabited area)

Market right (the right to hold a market and receive income from the markets)

Toll right (the right to charge toll)

Mint right

• Freedoms

Personal freedom (citizens had a relative degree of personal freedom in comparison to citizens of rural areas)

• Governance

City governance (Well-to-do citizens could sometimes elect local government officials)

Granting of city rights, chronologically

• 956 Deventer
• 10?? Groningen
• 10?? Stavoren
• 1122 Utrecht
• 1127 Aardenburg
• 1183 Biervliet
• 1185 's-Hertogenbosch
• 1190 Zutphen
• 11?? Hulst
• 1204 Maastricht
• 1213 Axel
• 1213 Geertruidenberg
• 1217 Middelburg
• 1220 Dordrecht
• 1223 Westkapelle
• 1223 Domburg
• 1230 Nijmegen
• 1230 Oisterwijk
• 1230 Zwolle
• 1231 Harderwijk
• 1231 Roermond
• 1232 Sint Oedenrode
• 1232 Eindhoven
• 1233 Elburg
• 1233 Grave
• 1233 Lochem
• 1233 Arnhem
• 1233 Gendt
• 1236 Kampen
• 1237 Doesburg
• 1237 Doetinchem
• 1237 Oostburg
• 1242 Sint Anna ter Muiden
• 1243 Rijssen
• 1243 Sittard
• 1245 Haarlem
• 1246 Delft
• 1246 's-Gravenzande
• 1248 Ommen
• 1248 Winkel
• 1248 Zierikzee
• 1249 Oldenzaal
• 1252 Breda
• 1252 Hasselt
• 1254 Alkmaar
• 1255 Naarden
• 1259 Amersfoort
• 1260 Vreeland
• 1263 Goor
• 1263 Wageningen
• 1265 Oudewater
• 1266 Leiden
• 1271 Montfort
• 1271 Nieuwstadt
• 1272 Gouda
• 1272 Steenbergen
• 1272 Venlo
• 1273 Vlaardingen
• 1275 Genemuiden
• 1275 Schiedam
• 1276 Susteren
• 1277 Groenlo
• 1280 Schoonhoven
• 1283 Nieuwpoort
• 1284 Woudrichem
• 1285 Leeuwarden
• 1289 Medemblik
• 1290 Sluis
• 1295 Gein
• 1296 Muiden
• 1298 Beverwijk
• 1298 Dokkum
• 1298 Staverden
• 1299 Hattem
• 12?? Tiel
• 1300 Amsterdam
• 1300 Eembrugge
• 1303 IJzendijke
• 1303 Waalwijk
• 1306 Brielle
• 1312 Goedereede
• 1313 Asperen
• 1315 IJlst
• 1315 Vlissingen
• 1315 Wieringen
• 1315 Wijk bij Duurstede
• 1315 Zaltbommel
• 1317 Harlingen
• 1318 Culemborg
• 1318 Heusden
• 1322 Gorinchem
• 1322 Ammerstol
• 1325 Enschede
• 1325 Ootmarsum
• 1327 Appingedam
• 1327 Steenwijk
• 1328 Maasbommel
• 1329 Montfoort
• 1329 Wessem
• 1331 Bolsward
• 1331 IJsselstein
• 1331 Wilsum
• 1333 Delden
• 1333 Grafhorst
• 1336 Vianen
• 1340 Rotterdam
• 1343 Echt
• 1345 Eemnes-Buiten
• 1346 Helmond
• 1347 Bergen op Zoom
• 1348 Huissen
• 1349 Batenburg
• 1354 Vollenhove
• 1355 Berlicum
• 1355 Enkhuizen
• 1355 Monnickendam
• 1355 Veere
• 1355 Weesp
• 1357 Edam
• 1357 Hoorn
• 1357 Klundert
• 1357 Megen
• 1362 Hardenberg
• 1364 Broek
• 1364 Rhenen
• 1366 Tholen
• 1371 Gennep
• 1372 Woerden
• 1372 Hindeloopen
• 1374 Franeker
• 1374 Reimerswaal
• 1374 Workum
• 1375 Borculo
• 1379 's-Heerenberg
• 1381 Geervliet
• 1382 Hagestein
• 1383 Bunschoten
• 1391 Baarn
• 1391 Heukelum
• 1394 Almelo
• 1395 Buren
• 1396 Haastrecht
• 1398 Noordwijk
• 1399 Oss
• 13?? Ameide
• 1402 Schellinkhout
• 1404 Keppel
• 1405 Goes
• 1406 Zwaag
• 1407 Leerdam
• 1408 Coevorden
• 1410 Purmerend
• 1413 Nijkerk
• 1414 Abbekerk
• 1414 Hoogwoud
• 1414 Hem
• 1414 Spanbroek
• 1414 Weert
• 1414 Wognum
• 1415 Barsingerhorn
• 1415 Langedijk
• 1415 Niedorp
• 1415 Schagen
• 1415 Texel
• 1426 Sloten
• 1427 Zevenbergen
• 1431 Kortgene
• 1439 Eemnes-Binnen
• 1442 Gramsbergen
• 1452 Valkenburg
• 1456 Sneek
• 1469 Heenvliet
• 1477 Brouwershaven
• 1480 Ravestein
• 1482 Bronkhorst
• 1487 Zevenaar
• 1487 Willemstad
• 1491 Sint Maartensdijk
• 1506 Philippine
• 1574 Arnemuiden
• 1584 Terborg
• 1584 Terneuzen
• 1672 Blokzijl
• 1806 's-Gravenhage
• 1809 Assen
• 1809 Meppel
• 1809 Oosterhout
• 1809 Tilburg
• 1811 Maassluis
• 1811 Westwoud
• 1811 Zaandam
• 1825 Winschoten

See also

• City rights
• City status in the United Kingdom

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