Canary Islands?

Did you mean | Travel | Economics | Finance | Marketing | Business | Culture | Geography | History | Life | Mathematics | Science | Society | Technology | New site added |

"Canaries" redirects here. For the bird, see canary.

Comunidad Autónoma de
Canarias

Image:Locator map of Canary.png
Capitals	Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Area – Total – % of Spain	Ranked 13th 7 447 km² 1,5%
Population – Total (2003) – % of Spain – Density	Ranked 8th 1 843 755 4,4% 247,58/km²
Demonym – English – Spanish	Canary Islander (Canarian) canario/a
Statute of Autonomy	August 16, 1982
ISO 3166-2	ES-CN
Parliamentary representation – Congress seats – Senate seats	14 2 (by Autonomic Goberment), 3 for Tenerife, 3 for Gran canaria, and one for every other island=13
President	Adán Martín Menis (CC)
Gobierno de Canarias

The Canary Islands are an archipelago of seven islands of volcanic origin in the Atlantic Ocean, off the northwestern coast of Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara). The islands belong to Spain, and form an autonomous community of that country. The name comes from the Latin Insularia Canaria meaning Island of the Dogs, a name applied originally only to the island of Gran Canaria.

History

Before the Castilian conquest, the Canary Islands were inhabited by the Guanches, a people related to the Imazighen (Berbers) of North Africa. Until the mid-20th century, some investigators held to a theory linking the Berber populations to Germanic tribes. This theory is now rejected by historians and anthropologists alike. The currently accepted theory is that they were brought there by the Phoenicians or the Romans. The most probable hypothesis points to succesive waves of migration from North Africa. The only available source document—the "legend of the detongued"—tells of the forced migration of the southern Berbers before the advance of the Roman Empire.

The principal economic activities of the Guanches were shepherding, agriculture, fishing, and gathering fruits.

The Canary Islands' were known in antiquity. The first awareness of the islands' existence must have been very ancient, since the peak of Mt Teide can be seen on clear days from certain points of the African coast. It is possible that the islands were discovered by the Carthaginian captain Hanno in his voyage along the African coast, and that they were visited by the Phoenicians, who sought the precious red dye extracted from the orchilla, for which reason the islands were also known as The Purple Isles. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans traded with the islands over the centuries. Homer refers to them as The Elysian Fields, the place where warriors and notable men went to rest after death, and in the Odyssey he describes their climate: "it is a place where men live a sweet and peaceful life, without snow, harsh winters, or rain, but a perennial cool air, born of the breath of the zephyrs that the ocean exhales in a musical breath". They were also know as the Hesperides. Plato made them the site of Atlantis, the sunken island civilization. Pliny the Elder was the first to call them The Fortunate Islands. Plutarch was informed of the existence of the islands by Sertorius, who planned to flee there from Spain due to his political problems.

During the 1000 years between the 4th century and the 14th, the islands seem to disappear from history. The only documented testimony of this period, and very doubtful at that, is the famous voyage of Saint Brendan, whose legend endured for centuries in Christian Europe. During the Middle Ages, they were visited by the Arabs for commercial reasons. From the 14th century onward, there were numerous visits made by sailors from Mallorca, Portugal, and Genoa. Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Mayorcans established a mission in the islands with a bishop, that lasted from 1350 to 1400, and from which remain various paintings and statues of the Virgin Mary that are currently venerated in the island, just as they were in the past by the converted Guanches.

In 1402, the conquest of the islands began, with the expion of Juan de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle to the island of Lanzarote, Norman nobles who were vassals of Henry III of Castile. The conquest of the Canaries, which took almost 100 years, set a precedent for the conquest of the New World, with complete annhilation of the native culture and rapid assimilation to Christianity. Due to the topology and the resistance of the native Guanches, the conquest was not completed until 1496, when the conquest of Tenerife was completed and the Canaries were incorporated into the Castilian kingdom. Between 1448 and 1459, there was a crisis between Castile and Portugal over the control of the islands, when Maciot de Bethencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator, an action that was not accepted by the natives or the castilian residents of the island, who initiated a revolt and expelled the portuguese.

After the conquest, the Spanish imposed a new economic model based on single-crop cultivation— first, sugar cane, then wine, an important trade item with England. In this era, the first institutions of government were founded.

The islands became a stopping point in the trade routes with America, Africa, and India, and the port of La Palma became one of the most important ports of the Spanish Empire. This trade brought great prosperity to certain social sectors of the islands, but the crises of single-crop cultivation in the 18th century and later, the independence of Spain's american colonies in the 19th century, caused severe recessions. A new cash crop, the cochinilla, came into cultivation.

During the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, owing to economic crises in the archipelago, a series of emigrations took place, primarily for the Americas.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the English introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

The rivalry between the elites of the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and La Palma for the capital-ship of the islands would lead to the division of the archipelago in two provinces in 1927, though this has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which continues to this day.

During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, workers' movements with marxist and anarchist ideologies began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organizations were a minority.

In 1936, Francisco Franco traveled to the Canaries as General Commandant. From the Canaries, he launched the military uprising of July 17. He quickly took control of the archipelago, with the exception of a few focal points of resistance on the island of La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on Gomera island. Despite the fact that there was never a proper war in the islands, they were one of the places where the post-war repression was most severe.

Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organize until the late 1950s, which saw the formation of groups such as the Spanish Communist Party and various nationalist, leftist, and independence movements, such as the Free Canaries Movement and the MPAIAC.

After Franco's death and the installation of a democratic constitutional monarchy, a bill of autonomy was put forth for the Canaries, which was approved in 1982. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held, and were won by the Spanish socialist party, PSOE. The current ruling party is the Canarian Coalition.

Physical geography

The islands and their capitals are:

• Gran Canaria (capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria);
• Tenerife (capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife);
• Lanzarote (capital Arrecife);
• La Palma (capital Santa Cruz de La Palma);
• La Gomera (capital San Sebastián de La Gomera);
• El Hierro (capital Valverde);
• Fuerteventura (capital Puerto del Rosario).

The nearest island is 108 km from the northwest African coast.

The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores, Cape Verde, Madeira, and the Savage Isles. The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third largest volcano on Earth. According to the position of the islands with respect to the trade winds, the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species are conserved, like the dragon tree Dracaena draco and the Laurisilva forests.

Four of Spain's 13 national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community:

• Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente on La Palma,
• Parque Nacional Garajonay on La Gomera,
• Parque Nacional del Teide on Tenerife,
• Parque Nacional Timanfaya on Lanzarote.

Political geography

The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands consists of two provinces, Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, whose capitals (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife) are co-capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands is ruled by an assembly named cabildo insular.

Maps of the Canary Islands drawn by William Dampier during his voyage to New Holland in 1699