Antimony?

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Antimony should not be confused with antinomy, a type of paradox.

51 tin ← antimony → tellurium As ↑ Sb ↓ Bi periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	antimony, Sb, 51
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 5, p
Appearance	silvery lustrous grey
Atomic mass	121.760(1) g/mol
Electron configuration	Kr 4d10 5s2 5p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	6.697 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p.	6.53 g/cm³
Melting point	903.78 K (630.63 °C, 1167.13 °F)
Boiling point	1860 K (1587 °C, 2889 °F)
Heat of fusion	19.79 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	193.43 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.23 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	−3, 3, 5
Electronegativity	2.05 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 834 kJ/mol
	2nd: 1594.9 kJ/mol
	3rd: 2440 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	145 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	133 pm
Covalent radius	138 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 417 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 24.4 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 11.0 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3420 m/s
Young's modulus	55 GPa
Shear modulus	20 GPa
Bulk modulus	42 GPa
Mohs hardness	3.0
Brinell hardness	294 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-36-0
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of antimony iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 121Sb 57.36% Sb is stable with 70 neutrons 123Sb 42.64% Sb is stable with 72 neutrons 125Sb syn 2.7582 y Beta- 0.767 125Te
References

Antimony is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Sb (L. Stibium) and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, a wide variety of alloys, electronics, and rubber.

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Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Sources 5 Precautions 6 Compounds 7 References 8 External links

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Notable characteristics

Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, brittle, fusible, crystalline solid that exhibits poor electrical and heat conductivity properties and vaporizes at low temperatures. A metalloid, antimony resembles metal in its appearance and physical properties, but does not chemically react as a metal. It is also attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. Antimony and some of its alloys expand on cooling.

Estimates of the abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust range from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Antimony is chalcophile, occurring with sulfur and the heavy metals lead, copper, and silver.

Applications

Antimony is increasingly being used in the semiconductor industry in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices. As an alloy, this semi-metal greatly increases lead's hardness and mechanical strength. The most important use of antimony metal is as a hardener in lead for storage batteries. Other uses;

• Batteries,
• antifriction alloys,
• type metal,
• small arms and tracer bullets,
• cable sheathing,
• matches,
• medicines,
• plumbing ("lead-free" solder contains 5% Sb),
• main and big-end bearings in internal combustion engines (as alloy).

Antimony compounds in the form of oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride are used in the making of flame-proofing compounds, ceramic enamels, glass, paints, and pottery. Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used in flame-retardant formulations. These flame-retardant applications include such markets as children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers. Also, antimony sulfide is one of the ingredients to the modern match.

History

Antimony was recognized in antiquity (3000 BC or earlier) in various compounds, and it was prized for its fine casting qualities. It was first reported scientifically by Tholden in 1450, and was known to be a metal by the beginning of the 17th century. The origin of the name "antimony" is not clear; the term may come from the Greek words "anti" and "monos", which approximately means "opposed to solitude" as it was thought never to exist in its pure form, or from the Arabian expression "Antos Ammon", which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammon".