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Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical)
The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering ). Common usage almost invariably regards it as lasting from 1800 to 1899 , but this is considered by some to be technically incorrect due to the nonexistence of a "Year Zero " before AD 1. The 19th century is also sometimes known as the eighteen hundreds (1800s ), referring to the latter usage. Decades are almost always considered as starting with the "0" year and named accordingly ("1890s", etc.), so the first decade of a century technically overlaps back into the preceding one.
Historians sometime use "Nineteenth Century" as a label for the era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna ) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War ).
Events
1801 : The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom .
1801 a href="1805.html" title="1805">15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa
1803 : The United States buys out France 's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase .
1804 a href="1806.html" title="1806">06: Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead an expion to the Pacific Coast and back.
1805 a href="1848.html" title="1848">48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt .
1806 : Holy Roman Empire dissolved.
1810 a href="1821.html" title="1821">21: Mexican War of Independence
1810s a href="1820s.html" title="1820s">20s: South American Wars of Independence
1812 a href="1815.html" title="1815">15: War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain
1815 : Congress of Vienna redraws the European map.
1815 : Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars .
1816 : Year Without a Summer
1816 a href="1828.html" title="1828">28: Shaka 's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa .
1819 : The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company .
1820 : Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.
1821 a href="1832.html" title="1832">32: Greek War of Independence
1830 : France invades and occupies Algeria .
1830 : Belgian Revolution
1833 : Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire .
1833 a href="1876.html" title="1876">76: Carlist Wars in Spain .
1834 : Spanish Inquisition officially ends.
1835 a href="1836.html" title="1836">36: Texas Revolution in Mexico
1837 a href="1901.html" title="1901">1901: Queen Victoria 's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era .
1839 a href="1860.html" title="1860">60: After two Opium Wars , Great Britain , France , the United States and Russia gain many concessions from China .
1845 a href="1849.html" title="1849">49: Irish Potato Famine
1846 a href="1848.html" title="1848">48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico 's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States .
1848 : The Communist Manifesto published.
1848 : Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
1848 a href="1858.html" title="1858">58: California Gold Rush
1851 a href="1860s.html" title="1860s">60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia
1851 a href="1864.html" title="1864">64: The Taiping Rebellion in China
1854 : The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan 's policy of Sakoku .
1854 a href="1856.html" title="1856">56: Crimean War between Great Britain , France , the Ottoman Empire and Russia
1855 : Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.
1856 : World's first oil refinery in Romania
1857 a href="1858.html" title="1858">58: Indian rebellion of 1857
1859 : The Origin of Species published.
1861 a href="1865.html" title="1865">65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy
1864 a href="1867.html" title="1867">67: French intervention in Mexico
1865 a href="1877.html" title="1877">77: Reconstruction in the United States
1866 : Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858 .
1866 : Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation .
1866 a href="1869.html" title="1869">69: Meiji Restoration in Japan
1867 : The United States purchased Alaska from Russia .
1867 : Canadian Confederation formed.
1869 : First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States .
1869 : The Suez Canal opens linking the Merranean Sea to the Red Sea .
1870 a href="1871.html" title="1871">71: Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy .
1872 : Yellowstone National Park created.
1874 : The British East India Company is dissolved.
1877 : Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike .
1877 a href="1878.html" title="1878">78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War .
1878 : First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut .
1879 : Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa .
1879 a href="1884.html" title="1884">84: War of the Pacific between Peru , Bolivia and Chile .
1880 a href="1902.html" title="1902">1902: Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two Boer Wars .
1882 : First electrical power plant and grid in Manhattan .
1884 a href="1885.html" title="1885">85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European Scramble for Africa . Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves .
1890 : The Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American Indian Wars .
1894 a href="1895.html" title="1895">95: After the First Sino-Japanese War , China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea .
1895 a href="1896.html" title="1896">1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo-Abyssinian War .
1896 : Olympic games revived in Athens .
1896 : Klondike Gold Rush in Canada
1898 : The United States gains control of Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War .
1898 a href="1900.html" title="1900">1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance .
1899 a href="1913.html" title="1913">1913: The Philippine-American War
Significant people
Báb , Persian prophet and founder of Bábísm
Bahá'u'lláh , Persian religious leader and founder of Bahá'í Faith
Charles Baudelaire , poet
Henri Becquerel , physicist
Ludwig van Beethoven , composer
Otto von Bismarck , German chancellor
Napoleon Bonaparte , French general, first consul and emperor
Johannes Brahms , composer
Frédéric Chopin , composer
Kate Chopin , author
Samuel Taylor Coleridge , poet, critic, thinker
Charles Darwin , biologist
Charles Dickens , author
Emily Dickinson , poet
Benjamin Disraeli , novelist and politician
Fyodor Dostoevsky , novelist, philosopher/theologian
Antonin Dvorak , composer
Thomas Alva Edison , inventor
Ralph Waldo Emerson , writer
Michael Faraday , scientist
Gottlob Frege , mathematician, logician and philosopher
Antonio de La Gandara , artist
Guiseppe Garibaldi , unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier
Carl Friedrich Gauss , mathematician, physicist, astronomer
Gilbert and Sullivan , playwright, composer
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , author, thinker
Vincent van Gogh , painter
William Gilbert Grace , English cricketer
Ulysses S. Grant , U.S. general and president
Nathaniel Hawthorne , writer
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , philosopher
Hong Xiuquan , revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God
Victor Hugo , poet, politician/theologian, and author
Andrew Jackson , U.S. general and president
Thomas Jefferson , American statesman, philosopher, and president
Søren Kierkegaard , philosopher
Libertadores , Latin American liberators
Robert E. Lee , Confederate general
Abraham Lincoln , U.S. president; led the nation during the Civil War
Fitz Hugh Ludlow , writer and explorer
Karl Marx , political philosopher and economist
James Clerk Maxwell , Scottish physicist
Gregor Mendel , biologist
Florence Nightingale , nursing pioneer
John Stuart Mill , philosopher
William Morris , social reformer
Mutsuhito , Japanese emperor
Friedrich Nietzsche , philosopher
Nikolai of Japan , religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.
Louis Pasteur , biologist
Edgar Allan Poe , poet, short-story writer
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , Hindu mystic
Arthur Schopenhauer , philosopher
Joseph Smith, Jr. , religious leader, founder of Mormonism
Dr. John Snow , the founder of epidemiology
F R Spofforth , Australian cricketer
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , composer
Nikola Tesla , inventor
Leo Tolstoy , novelist, philosopher/theologian, social reformer
Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), author
Giuseppe Verdi , composer
Jules Verne , writer
Queen Victoria , British monarch
Richard Wagner , composer
Walt Whitman , poet
Oscar Wilde , poet, writer, playwright
Brigham Young , Mormon religious leader
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
List of 19th century inventions
Decades and years
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