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Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical)
The 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900 in the Gregorian calendar (using the Common Era system of year numbering ). Common usage almost invariably regards it as lasting from 1800 to 1899 , but this is considered by some to be technically incorrect due to the nonexistence of a "Year Zero " before AD 1. The 19th century is also sometimes known as the eighteen hundreds (1800s ), referring to the latter usage. Decades are almost always considered as starting with the "0" year and named accordingly ("1890s", etc.), so the first decade of a century technically overlaps back into the preceding one.
Historians sometime use "Nineteenth Century" as a label for the era stretching from 1815 (The Congress of Vienna ) to 1914 (The outbreak of the First World War ).
Events
1801 : The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom .1801 a href="1805.html" title="1805">15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1803 : The United States buys out France 's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase .1804 a href="1806.html" title="1806">06: Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark lead an expion to the Pacific Coast and back.1805 a href="1848.html" title="1848">48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt .1806 : Holy Roman Empire dissolved.1810 a href="1821.html" title="1821">21: Mexican War of Independence 1810s a href="1820s.html" title="1820s">20s: South American Wars of Independence 1812 a href="1815.html" title="1815">15: War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain 1815 : Congress of Vienna redraws the European map.1815 : Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars .1816 : Year Without a Summer 1816 a href="1828.html" title="1828">28: Shaka 's Zulu kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa .1819 : The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company .1820 : Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves.1821 a href="1832.html" title="1832">32: Greek War of Independence 1830 : France invades and occupies Algeria .1830 : Belgian Revolution 1833 : Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire .1833 a href="1876.html" title="1876">76: Carlist Wars in Spain .1834 : Spanish Inquisition officially ends.1835 a href="1836.html" title="1836">36: Texas Revolution in Mexico 1837 a href="1901.html" title="1901">1901: Queen Victoria 's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era .1839 a href="1860.html" title="1860">60: After two Opium Wars , Great Britain , France , the United States and Russia gain many concessions from China .1845 a href="1849.html" title="1849">49: Irish Potato Famine 1846 a href="1848.html" title="1848">48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico 's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States .1848 : The Communist Manifesto published.1848 : Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 1848 a href="1858.html" title="1858">58: California Gold Rush 1851 a href="1860s.html" title="1860s">60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia 1851 a href="1864.html" title="1864">64: The Taiping Rebellion in China 1854 : The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan 's policy of Sakoku .1854 a href="1856.html" title="1856">56: Crimean War between Great Britain , France , the Ottoman Empire and Russia 1855 : Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced.1856 : World's first oil refinery in Romania 1857 a href="1858.html" title="1858">58: Indian rebellion of 1857 1859 : The Origin of Species published.1861 a href="1865.html" title="1865">65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy 1864 a href="1867.html" title="1867">67: French intervention in Mexico 1865 a href="1877.html" title="1877">77: Reconstruction in the United States 1866 : Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858 .1866 : Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation .1866 a href="1869.html" title="1869">69: Meiji Restoration in Japan 1867 : The United States purchased Alaska from Russia .1867 : Canadian Confederation formed.1869 : First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States .1869 : The Suez Canal opens linking the Merranean Sea to the Red Sea .1870 a href="1871.html" title="1871">71: Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy .1872 : Yellowstone National Park created.1874 : The British East India Company is dissolved.1877 : Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike .1877 a href="1878.html" title="1878">78: The Balkans are freed from the Ottoman Empire after another Russo-Turkish War .1878 : First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut .1879 : Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa .1879 a href="1884.html" title="1884">84: War of the Pacific between Peru , Bolivia and Chile .1880 a href="1902.html" title="1902">1902: Great Britain conquers Dutch settlers in South Africa in two Boer Wars .1882 : First electrical power plant and grid in Manhattan .1884 a href="1885.html" title="1885">85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European Scramble for Africa . Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves .1890 : The Wounded Knee Massacre is the last battle in the American Indian Wars .1894 a href="1895.html" title="1895">95: After the First Sino-Japanese War , China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea .1895 a href="1896.html" title="1896">1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy in the First Italo-Abyssinian War .1896 : Olympic games revived in Athens .1896 : Klondike Gold Rush in Canada1898 : The United States gains control of Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War .1898 a href="1900.html" title="1900">1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance .1899 a href="1913.html" title="1913">1913: The Philippine-American War
Significant people
Báb , Persian prophet and founder of Bábísm Bahá'u'lláh , Persian religious leader and founder of Bahá'í Faith Charles Baudelaire , poetHenri Becquerel , physicistLudwig van Beethoven , composerOtto von Bismarck , German chancellorNapoleon Bonaparte , French general, first consul and emperorJohannes Brahms , composerFrédéric Chopin , composerKate Chopin , authorSamuel Taylor Coleridge , poet, critic, thinkerCharles Darwin , biologistCharles Dickens , authorEmily Dickinson , poetBenjamin Disraeli , novelist and politicianFyodor Dostoevsky , novelist, philosopher/theologianAntonin Dvorak , composerThomas Alva Edison , inventorRalph Waldo Emerson , writerMichael Faraday , scientistGottlob Frege , mathematician, logician and philosopherAntonio de La Gandara , artistGuiseppe Garibaldi , unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldierCarl Friedrich Gauss , mathematician, physicist, astronomerGilbert and Sullivan , playwright, composerJohann Wolfgang von Goethe , author, thinkerVincent van Gogh , painterWilliam Gilbert Grace , English cricketerUlysses S. Grant , U.S. general and presidentNathaniel Hawthorne , writerGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , philosopherHong Xiuquan , revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God Victor Hugo , poet, politician/theologian, and authorAndrew Jackson , U.S. general and presidentThomas Jefferson , American statesman, philosopher, and presidentSøren Kierkegaard , philosopherLibertadores , Latin American liberatorsRobert E. Lee , Confederate generalAbraham Lincoln , U.S. president; led the nation during the Civil War Fitz Hugh Ludlow , writer and explorerKarl Marx , political philosopher and economistJames Clerk Maxwell , Scottish physicistGregor Mendel , biologistFlorence Nightingale , nursing pioneerJohn Stuart Mill , philosopherWilliam Morris , social reformerMutsuhito , Japanese emperorFriedrich Nietzsche , philosopherNikolai of Japan , religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan.Louis Pasteur , biologistEdgar Allan Poe , poet, short-story writerRamakrishna Paramahamsa , Hindu mysticArthur Schopenhauer , philosopherJoseph Smith, Jr. , religious leader, founder of Mormonism Dr. John Snow , the founder of epidemiologyF R Spofforth , Australian cricketerPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , composerNikola Tesla , inventorLeo Tolstoy , novelist, philosopher/theologian, social reformerMark Twain (Samuel Clemens), authorGiuseppe Verdi , composerJules Verne , writerQueen Victoria , British monarchRichard Wagner , composerWalt Whitman , poetOscar Wilde , poet, writer, playwrightBrigham Young , Mormon religious leader
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
List of 19th century inventions
Decades and years
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Article on 19th century, category, different spelling or sense