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1868 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).
Events
January 3 - Meiji Emperor declares "Meiji Restoration ", his own restoration to full power, against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate .
January 6 - Asa Mercer and number of new "Mercer Girls " sail from Massachusetts for West Coast - they arrive in Seattle in May 23
January 10 - Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares emperor's declaration "illegal" and attacks Kyoto. Pro-Emperor forces drive his troops away. Shogun surrenders in May.
February 13 - The War Office sanctions the formation of what will become the Army Post Office Corps
February 16 - In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE).
February 24 - The first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana .
February 24 - After Andrew Johnson tried to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton , he becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives . Johnson would later be acquitted by the United States Senate .
March 5 - A court of impeachment is organized in the United States Senate to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson .
March 23 - The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into California law.
April 1 - Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia
March 24 - Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.
May 16 - President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate .
May 30 - Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John Logan ).
May 31 - Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitoba . He soon alienates the locals
July 5 - Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of the Salvation Army , in the East End of London
July 25 - Wyoming becomes a United States territory .
July 28 - The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
late September - Queen Isabella II of Spain effectively deposed and goes into exile; she will formally abdicate June 25 , 1870.
September 23 - Rebels in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent. Local militia defeats them a week later.
October 28 - Thomas Edison applied for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.
November - Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the U.S. presidential election .
November 2 - New Zealand officially adopts nationally observed standard time , and was perhaps the first country to do so.
December 25 - US President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.
November 27 - Indian Wars : Battle of Washita River - In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of peaceful Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle , killing 103 Cheyenne (later regarded as the first substantial US victory in the war).
Births
January 9 - S.P.L. Sørensen , Danish chemist (d. 1939 )
January 31 - Theodore William Richards , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928 )
February 10 - William Allen White , American journalist (d. 1944 )
February 23 - W.E.B. DuBois , American civil rights leader (d. 1963 )
March 22 - Robert Millikan , American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
March 25 - William Lockwood , English cricketer (d. 1932 )
March 28 - Maxim Gorky , Russian author (d. 1936 )
April 10 - George Arliss , English actor (d. 1946 )
May 6 - Nicholas II of Russia (d. 1918 )
May 6 - Gaston Leroux , French writer (d. 1927 )
May 29 - Abdul Mejid II , last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1944 )
June 7 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Scottish architect (d. 1928 )
June 18 - Georges Lacombe , French artist (d. 1916 )
July 12 - Stefan George , German poet (d. 1933 )
July 14 - Gertrude Bell , English archaeologist, writer, spy, and administrator (d. 1926 )
August 26 - Charles Stewart , Premier of Alberta (d. 1946 )
September 1 - Henri Bourassa , French-Canadian politician and publisher (d. 1952 ).
October 18 - Ernst Didring , Swedish writer (d. 1931 )
November 8 - Felix Hausdorff , German mathematician (d. 1942 )
November 9 - Marie Dressler , Canadian actress (d. 1934 )
November 24 - Scott Joplin , American musician and composer (d. 1917 )
December 9 - Fritz Haber , German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934 )
Deaths
February 11 - Léon Foucault , French astronomer (b. 1819 )
February 29 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786 )
March 4 - Jesse Chisholm , American pioneer (b. 1805 )
March 28 - James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan , British military leader (b. 1797 )
April - Isami Kondo , Japanese fighter (b. 1834 )
April 3 - Franz Berwald , Swedish composer (b. 1796 )
April 7 - Thomas D'Arcy McGee , Irish-Canadian journalist and politician (assassinated) (b. 1825 )
May 7 - Henry Peter Brougham , Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1778 )
May 23 - Kit Carson , American trapper, scout, and Indian agent (b. 1809 )
June 1 - James Buchanan , 15th President of the United States (b. 1791 )
June 22 - Heber C. Kimball , Mormon church leader (b. 1801 )
September 26 - August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790 )
October 17 - Laura Secord , Canadian patriot (b. 1775 )
November 13 - Gioacchino Rossini , Italian composer (b. 1792 )
November 15 - James Mayer Rothschild , German-born banker (b. 1792 )
December 6 - August Schleicher , German linguist (b. 1821 )
Charles Thomas Longley , Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1794 )
August Ferdinand Möbius , German mathematician and theoretical astronomer (b. 1790 )
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